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Magna Carta
1157 otázku odeslal(a) js v Sobotu 20.Července 2002 17:23:42
Vyuziju ted toto forum pro sebe. Nevim jak se pise do textovych editoru nebo jak se to jmenuje a potrebuji si neco vytisknout takze si to pak odsud vytisknu.
Neda se nic delat, pro blaho fora uz jsem toho napsala dost, ted je rada na me.
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Re: Magna Carta
1 odpověď odeslal(a) js v Sobotu 20.Července 2002 19:07:05
Runnymede - Birthplace od Democracy
Magna Carta Trust
Column:
TO COMMEMORATE MAGNA CARTA
SYMBOL OF FREEDOM UNDER LAW
inside the dome:
Erected by the American Bar Association
A tribute to Magna Carta symbol of freedom under law
Notices under the column:
On 13 July 1985 the American Bar Association returned to this place to renew its pledge of adherence to the principles of the Great Charter
18 July 1971 on this day the American Bar Association again came here and pleged adherence to the principles of the Great Charter
15 July 2000 the American Bar Association returns this day to celebrate Magna Carta foundation of the rule of law for ages past and for the new millennium
The 1st.board:
The History of Magna Carta
In 1199 King John ascended the English throne with enormous recourses at his disposal - but they were not to last. A political marriage went disastrously wrong, resulting in John losing his continental lands and earning him the nickname 'Lackland'. Furthermore his attempt to keep the lands by force led to humiliating defeat and the new nickname 'Softsword'. The battle of Bovines, in 1214, saw overwhelming victory for Philip Augustus, King of France, and John returned to England and civil war.
The Barons of England were now in open revolt having financed John's failed war efford. There was no obvious contender to the throne so they created an alternative: a program for reform or, as we have come to know it, a Charter of Liberties.
By capturing London in 1215, the Barons forced John to the negotiating table and it was here, at Runnymede, that the King placed his seal on The Magna Carta on 12 June 1215. However, this was not to be the Carter's only incarnation. John merely saw the document as a means of buying time and by mid-July 1215, he had asked the Pope to annual the document. Driven to revenge by autumn of the same year, the Barons had offered the throne to Louis, son of the King of France, and a bitter civil war ensued.
However, The Magna Carta was not dead. Upon John's death in 1216, his 9 year old son succeeded to the throne as Henry III., and his minority council, appointed to govern in his infancy, resurrected The Charter.
Henry's strenght grew after victories over Louis and his supporters at Lincoln and Dover. Support for Louis dwindled and in September 1217 he signed a peace treaty on Magna Carta Island and withdrew to France.The defeat of Louis was used as an opportunity to re-issue the Magna Carta with modifications including a supplementary charter dealing with forest law. As this new addition was much smaller, the main charter became known as the 'big' charter of Magna Carta. In 1297 the Magna Carta entered the statute book becoming the first constitutional document in the world.
The use of the Magna Carta in subsequent years as a basis for reform and protection against tyranny has led to the development of democracy throughout the world. It provides the basis for law and individual rights under clause 39 which states:
'No free man shall be taken, imprisoned, outlawed, banished or in anyway destroyed, nor will we proceed against or prosecute him, except by lawful judgement of his equals and by the law of the land.'
The 2nd board:
American Bar association
Memorial to Magna Carta
The memorial was designed by Sir Edward Maufe RA and dedicated on the 28th July 1957 in ceremonies attended by over 5.000 people. Built of portland stone and supported on eight octagonal pillars the Memorial is a domed classical Temple in the Greek Style. In the centre of the Memorial is a pillar of English Granite inscribed: ' TO COMMEMORATE MAGNA CARTA: SYMBOL OF FREEDOM UNDER LAW '
Surrounding the Memorial are eight Oak Trees. Two further oak trees on either side of the path were planted by HRH the Duke of Gloucester in 1987 and the Prime Minister of India in 1994.
M.C. through the ages
After the third and final amendment in 1225 by King Henry III, the M.C. was confirmed in 1297 by king Edward I and placed on the first or 'great' roll of E. Statute thus becoming the 1st constitutional document in the World. It has throughout the Ages formed the basis for law and democracy in the civilised world. Seen by every Englishman as a safeguard for their constitutional rights against unjust and arbitrary rule, the tenets of the M.C. have been upheld and used extensively throughout history.
During the Tudor and Stuart reigns of the 16th and 17th centuries religious intolerance and persecution was rife. By the early 1600's Puritans no longer tolerated by the Church and Crown set off to seek a new life of religious tolerance in the new world of the American Colonies. In 1620, upon the Mayflower, the Pilgrim Fathers set sail from Plymouth taking with them a copy od the M.C. The principles of the Charter granting -'Freedom under the Law' - went on to form the basis for the Constitution of the United States and later, the Bill of Rights, of which Thomas Jefferson said:
'All men are created equal in life, liberty and in the pursuit of happiness.'
This pursuit of equality and liberty as laid down in the M.C. brought about the abolition of the Slave Trade by William Wilbergorce and President Abraham Lincoln.
M.C. is still, in the twentieth century, some 780 years after its inception forming the basis for Human Rights.
Its passages were quoted by Nancy Astor in her battle for votes for women during the Suffragette Movement of the early 1900's.
The principles of MC formed the basis for Human Rights during times of war under the Geneva Convention and in times of peace in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted on the 10th December 1948 by the General Assembly of the United Nations.
The constitutions of India and the emerging democracies of Eastern Europe have enshrined key elements and principles first established by MC.
Original MC - 63 Clauses
Many of her principles are still in practice today
Clause 1-5 The rights of inheritance. The r. to i. at the age of 21- the coming age
Cl. 6 Permission to marry from one's next of kin.
Cl.9-11 The setting of standards for the collection of debts.
Cl.13 The liberties and freedom of Cities&Boroughs granted by the Sovereign
Cl.17-40 The end of feudalism - birth of the rule of law.
Including: the punishment to fit the crime
trial by Jury
provision of a Will
Law of Probate
right of Freedom under the law
Clauses 41-42 The right of free and safe passage
Under one tree:
Quercus robur
Planted by P.V.NARASIMHA RAO prime minister of the Republic of India
As a tribute to the historic Magna Carta, a source of inspiration throughout the world, and as an affirmation of the values of Freedom, Democracy and the Rule of Law which the People of India cherish and have enshrined in their Constitution
March 16, 1994